Recommended shoulder and elbow surgeons

What does a shoulder and elbow surgeon do?

The shoulder and elbow surgeon is a specialist in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases and injuries in these joints of the upper limb. They treat conditions such as rotator cuff injuries, joint instabilities, arthrosis, epicondylitis, tendinitis and fractures, in addition to performing procedures such as arthroplasties (prostheses). Their role goes beyond surgery, including functional rehabilitation and recovery guidance, being essential for athletes, workers with repetitive strain and elderly people with joint problems. To become a specialist, the doctor must go through medical school, residency in orthopedics and traumatology, and specialization in shoulder and elbow surgery. Many also seek additional training in arthroscopic and reconstructive techniques.

Main conditions treated by shoulder and elbow surgeons

Surgeons of this specialty treat a wide range of conditions related to upper limb joints. These pathologies can severely impact patients' functionality and quality of life. Among the main conditions treated are ligament injuries, tendinitis, bursitis, arthrosis, fractures, dislocations and rotator cuff tendon injuries.

Additionally, shoulder and elbow surgeons also treat conditions resulting from sports trauma, joint wear and pathologies that affect the mobility and strength of the upper limbs. To choose a qualified and reliable specialist, it is important to consult medical evaluations on platforms like AvaliaMed, where you can verify other patients' experiences with the chosen professional.

Rotator cuff injuries

Common in both athletes and people over 40, rotator cuff injuries represent about 70% of shoulder pain cases. They are more frequent in individuals who perform repetitive movements above the head. Factors such as aging, repetitive microtraumas and individual anatomy increase the risk. Typical symptoms include nighttime pain, weakness when lifting the arm and joint crepitation. Treatment can be conservative with physiotherapy and analgesics, or surgical via arthroscopy, depending on the severity of the injury.

Shoulder instability

Recurrent shoulder dislocation mainly affects active young people, representing about 2% of sports injuries. The shoulder joint is the most unstable in the human body due to its wide mobility. After a first dislocation episode, the risk of recurrence can reach 90% in young patients. Symptoms include feeling of instability, pain and apprehension when performing certain movements. Treatment ranges from physiotherapy for muscle strengthening to surgical procedures such as Bankart surgery and Hill-Sachs lesion repairs.

Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow)

Affects approximately 1-3% of the general population, being more common between ages 35 and 55. This tendinopathy is not only related to tennis practice, but to any activity that overloads the wrist extensors. Professions requiring repetitive movements such as carpenters, musicians and typists are at higher risk. Pain localized in the lateral epicondyle that worsens when grasping objects is the main symptom. Therapeutic approaches include activity modification, physiotherapy, infiltrations and, in refractory cases, surgical intervention.

Shoulder and elbow arthrosis

Primary shoulder arthrosis affects approximately 20% of people over 65, while elbow arthrosis is relatively rare as a primary condition. Post-traumatic elbow arthrosis, however, is a common consequence after complex fractures. Progressive symptoms include morning stiffness, crepitation and movement limitation. Treatments range from conservative measures such as anti-inflammatories and physiotherapy to surgical procedures such as total or partial arthroplasties, which have evolved significantly in recent decades.

Complex fractures

Proximal humerus fractures represent 5% of all fractures, being the third most common in elderly people after hip and wrist. Elbow fractures, especially supracondylar ones, are more frequent in children. Treatment of these fractures requires specific expertise, ranging from immobilization to surgical fixation with plates, screws or arthroplasties, depending on the fracture pattern and patient characteristics.

Common exams and procedures performed by shoulder and elbow surgeons

Diagnostic and therapeutic arthroscopy

This minimally invasive procedure allows direct visualization of the interior of joints using a thin instrument equipped with a camera. It is fundamental for diagnosing and treating rotator cuff injuries, instabilities and labral lesions. During the exam, the surgeon can repair injured tissues, remove loose fragments and treat damaged joint surfaces. Shoulder arthroscopy has drastically reduced recovery time and complications compared to traditional open techniques.

Magnetic resonance imaging and musculoskeletal ultrasonography

When soft tissue injuries are suspected, these exams are performed to confirm diagnosis and plan treatment. New techniques such as contrast MRI (arthro-MRI) and traction MRI have improved diagnostic accuracy. Dynamic ultrasound allows real-time visualization of joint movements, being particularly useful in evaluating the rotator cuff and tendinopathies. The combination of these exams with clinical evaluation optimizes therapeutic planning.

Total and partial arthroplasties

This procedure replaces damaged joint surfaces with prosthetic components, restoring function and relieving pain. Shoulder arthroplasty has evolved significantly with anatomical and reverse prostheses, the latter revolutionizing treatment of patients with irreparable rotator cuff injuries. In the elbow, modular prostheses allow customization according to patient anatomy. Survival rates of modern prostheses exceed 90% at 10 years, representing a reliable option for advanced cases of joint degeneration.

Ultrasound-guided anesthetic blocks

Non-invasive and precise examination that allows application of medications directly to pain points. Brachial plexus block provides potent analgesia for shoulder procedures; peripheral nerve blocks such as suprascapular relieve chronic pain; while specific techniques for the elbow such as median, ulnar and radial nerve blocks allow differential diagnosis and treatment of neuropathies. Real-time ultrasonography has drastically increased the safety and efficacy of these procedures.

Technological advances and innovations in shoulder and elbow surgery

Advanced arthroscopic surgery

Modern arthroscopy allows complex procedures in a minimally invasive way, with less postoperative pain. 4K visualization systems provide unprecedented detail of intra-articular structures. Innovative techniques such as double-row repairs for the rotator cuff offer greater tendon-bone contact area, while procedures such as arthroscopic Latarjet for severe shoulder instability reduce surgical morbidity. Post-arthroscopic recovery is significantly faster, allowing early return to activities.

Personalized prostheses and surgical navigation

Prostheses developed from the patient's own imaging exams optimize functional results and implant longevity. 3D printing technology allows creating personalized surgical guides and even custom-made prosthetic components. Computer-assisted navigation systems ensure precise implant positioning. For complex revisions, modular prostheses and special designs for bone deficiency represent significant advances. Augmented reality is being incorporated for greater precision in prosthetic component positioning.

Biological treatments for joint injuries

In addition to conventional surgical techniques, new biological therapies promote tissue regeneration. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and stem cells derived from bone marrow or adipose tissue have shown promising results for tendinopathies and cartilaginous lesions. Biodegradable scaffolds combined with growth factors are being researched to enhance tendon healing. Microfracture techniques, autologous chondrocyte implants and cartilage-inducing matrices represent options for focal chondral lesions.

How to choose a qualified shoulder and elbow surgeon

Qualifications and specializations

Verify the specialist's credentials, including academic training and specific certifications. A qualified professional must have completed medical residency in orthopedics and traumatology and possess a specialist title in shoulder and elbow surgery granted by the Brazilian Society of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery (SBCOC). For specific procedures, seek surgeons with proven experience in the technique. Affiliation to centers of excellence and scientific publications in the area also indicate expertise and commitment to constant updating.

Patient evaluations

Consult evaluations from other patients to understand functional results and quality of postoperative follow-up. Specialized websites, support groups and personal recommendations can provide insights about the surgeon's communication, attention to detail and availability during the recovery process. Professionals who demonstrate commitment to functional rehabilitation and establish realistic expectations generally provide more satisfactory experiences for patients.

Initial approach

Observe if the specialist performs a detailed physical examination, adequately analyzes your imaging exams and clearly explains the therapeutic options available for your case. A good surgeon honestly discusses pros and cons of conservative versus surgical approaches, without pressuring for unnecessary interventions. Also evaluate if there is a structured postoperative rehabilitation plan. The transparent doctor-patient relationship is fundamental for successful treatment of shoulder and elbow pathologies.

The importance of regular consultations with shoulder and elbow surgeons

Many conditions in these joints evolve progressively, making regular follow-up essential to prevent irreversible damage to joint structures.

Functional and biomechanical evaluation

For people with initial symptoms or risk activities, these evaluations are essential to detect problems early. Video movement analysis allows identification of compensatory patterns that overload structures. Specific tests such as painful arc, Neer and Hawkins for the shoulder, and Cozen and Mill for the elbow help diagnose conditions in early stages. Throwing athletes and workers with repetitive movements particularly benefit from regular preventive evaluations.

Preventive imaging exams

Dynamic ultrasound can reveal tendon alterations before they become symptomatic. Magnetic resonance imaging identifies partial rotator cuff lesions and incipient degenerative changes. For people with history of previous injuries, diabetes or rheumatic diseases, these exams should be performed periodically. New technologies such as ultrasound with elastography quantify tissue alterations, allowing early interventions to prevent complete ruptures.

It is important to demystify consultations with the specialist and not neglect symptoms such as nighttime pain or progressive functional limitations. Periodic consultation allows comprehensive evaluation of joint health, preventive guidance and clarification of doubts about work and sports activities.

Factors that influence shoulder and elbow health

Ergonomics and posture

Workplace adaptations and postural corrections help prevent repetitive strain injuries in these joints. Proper computer positioning, with keyboard and mouse at the correct height, significantly reduces shoulder tension. For the elbow, maintaining angles close to 90° during activities minimizes tendon overload. Workers who use smartphones and tablets frequently should take regular breaks to avoid "text neck syndrome", which overloads the rotator cuff.

Specific training

Programmed physical activity contributes to joint stability and prevention of degenerative injuries. Balanced strengthening of rotator cuff muscles is essential to maintain humeral head centering. Specific exercises for scapular musculature prevent dyskinesias that overload the shoulder. For the elbow, eccentric strengthening of wrist extensors and flexors significantly reduces the risk of epicondylitis. Avoid exercises with excessive load above shoulder level after age 40.

Nutrition and inflammatory control

Weight control and anti-inflammatory nutrition benefit joint and tendon integrity. Foods rich in omega-3, such as cold-water fish, reduce joint inflammatory processes. Adequate vitamin D is essential for bone health and muscle function, directly related to shoulder stability. Natural antioxidants combat oxidative stress in joints. Avoid risk behaviors such as repetitive overload without adequate recovery and extreme movements without prior preparation.

Shoulder, elbow and sports performance

Upper limb joints play an essential role in athletic performance. Problems such as impingement syndrome, SLAP lesions and epicondylitis can be prevented and treated with specialized follow-up, whether due to biomechanical causes, inadequate techniques or muscle imbalances.

The International Olympic Committee recognizes the health of these joints as a fundamental component for athletes of various modalities. The shoulder and elbow surgeon, often in collaboration with physiotherapists and physical trainers, treats and prevents various sports injuries. In the sphere of throwing sports, in addition to rotator cuff injuries and instabilities, conditions such as glenoid labrum lesions and elbow osteochondritis are treated with specific techniques.

For tennis players and golfers, the specialist treats conditions such as lateral and medial epicondylitis, distal biceps tendon ruptures and radiocapitellar joint lesions.

Modern treatments are increasingly personalized and multidisciplinary, including accelerated rehabilitation techniques, biological therapies, technical adaptations and return-to-play programs. The contemporary surgeon adopts a holistic approach, considering biomechanical aspects specific to each sport.

Technology has expanded the possibilities of biomechanical analysis, with motion capture systems and inertial sensors that allow specific evaluations for each sports modality. Customized preventive programs and constant monitoring are also part of the modern specialist's role.

Why choose consultation with a shoulder and elbow surgeon at AvaliaMed?

Choosing consultation with a shoulder and elbow surgeon at AvaliaMed is ensuring specialized care for pathologies of these important joints, with highly qualified professionals committed to the patient's functional recovery. At AvaliaMed, our specialists offer precise diagnoses and personalized treatments for various conditions, from rotator cuff injuries, instabilities and arthrosis to elbow tendinopathies and complex fractures.

Whether for preventive evaluations, chronic pain treatment, surgical planning or second opinion in complex cases, shoulder and elbow surgeons at AvaliaMed are prepared to offer the best medical support based on the latest scientific evidence. By choosing AvaliaMed, you ensure dedicated care with specialists who prioritize your functional recovery and return to daily, sports and work activities.

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